ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Nama   : Miftahul Fauzan

NPM   : 15213476

Kelas   : 4EA18

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Pengertian kalimat active and passive

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah.

Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months

Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).

Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

 

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a)      Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:

Active : He meets them everyday.

Passive : They are met by him everyday.

Active : She waters this plant every two days.

Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.

b)      Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:

Active : He met them yesterday

Passive : They were met by him yesterday

Active : She watered this plant this morning

Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

c)      Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

Active : He has met them

Passive: They have been met by him

Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.

Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d)     Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:

Active : He had met them before I came.

Passive : They had been met by him before I came.

Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e)      Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:

Active : He will meet them tomorrow.

Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.

Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.

Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week

Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f)       Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.

Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g)      Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

Active : He would have met them.

Passive : They would have been met by him.

Active : She would have watered this plant.

Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.

h)      Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

Active : He is meeting them now.

Passive : They are being met by him now.

Active : She is watering this plant now.

Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.

i)        Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:

Active : He was meeting them.

Passive : They were being met by him.

Active : She was watering this plant.

Passive : This plant was being watered by her.

j)        Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He has been meeting them.

Passive : They have been being met by him.

Active : She has been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.

k)      Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He had been meeting them.

Passive : They had been being met by him.

Active : She had been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:

Active : He will be meeting them.

Passive : They will be being met by him.

Active : She will be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.

l)        Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

Active : He would be meeting them.

Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

m)    Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He will have been meeting them.

Passive : They will have been being met by him.

Active : She will have been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.

n)      Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He would be meeting them.

Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

Contoh perbedaan active and passive

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writingthe letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helpingthe customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helpedby the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visitedthat castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinnershad been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Futurewill	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Futurebe going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuouswill	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the disheswill be being washed by John.
Future Continuousbe going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishesare going to be being washedby John.
Future Perfectwill	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfectbe going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuouswill	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuousbe going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the PastWould	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the PastWas Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

Sentences in Active and Passive Voice

Who taught you to ski? (active)

By whom were you taught to ski? (passive)

The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb. (active)

The whole suburb was destroyed by the forest fire. (passive)

The two kings are signing the treaty. (active)

The treaty is being signed by the two kings. (passive)

The cleaning crew vacuums and dusts the office every night. (active)

Every night the office is vacuumed and dusted by the cleaning crew. (passive)

Larry generously donated money to the homeless shelter. (active)

Money was generously donated to the homeless shelter by Larry. (passive)

No one responded to my sales ad. (active)

My sales ad was not responded to by anyone. (passive)

The wedding planner is making all the reservations. (active)

All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (passive)

Tugas Conditional Sentence

Name               : Miftahul Fauzan

NPM               : 15213476

Class                : 4EA18

TASK 1           : Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentence (=Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan.

Conditional Sentence (Kalimat Pengandaian) dalam bahada inggris selalu berbentuk kalimat majemuk (compound sentence), yaitu kalimat yang terdiri atas Main Clause (Induk Kaimat) dan Subordinate Clause (Anak Kalimat). Pada bentuk conditional sentence ini antara induk kalimat dengan amak kalimat dihubungkan dengan “ if (jika) ”.

Main clause (induk kalimat) adalah bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang dapat berdiri sendiri serta memiliki arti yang lengkap jika berpisah dari bagian yang lain dalam kalimat majemuk.

Sedangkan Subordinate Clause (anak kalimat) adalah bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri seandainya berpisah dari bagian yang lain dalam kalimat majemuk.

Terdapat tiga tipe conditional sentence. Secara singkat ketiga tipe tersebut bisa dilihat di tabel berikut:

Conditional Sentence Type I

Kalimat conditional disebut juga dengan kalimat pengandaian. Contoh di bawah ini:

If I have a lot of money, I will go to America.

I will sleep if I am sleepy.

If my father has much money, he will buy a new house.

Ketiga contoh di atas adalah contoh dari conditional sentence. Conditional sentence terdiri dari 2 bagian yaitu: subordinate clause dan main clause. Subordinate clause (if + clause) merupakan pernyataan syarat atau kondisi. Sedangkan main clause pada conditional sentence adalah pernyataan akibat terpenuhinya (+) atau tidak terpenuhinya (-) persyaratan yang ada pada subordinate clause atau kondisi yang ada pada subordinate clause.

Perhatikan kembali contoh di atas:

If  I have a lot of money…(subordinate clause) kalimat ini merupakan syarat untuk terjadinya sesuatu yaitu : I will go to America. (main clause). Jadi saya akan pergi ke Amerika jika saya mempunyai banyak uang.

Conditional sentence type 1

Conditional sentence type 1 bermakna future karena akibat (main clause) berbentuk future dan subordinate clause berbentuk simple present tense.  kejadian yang ada pada main clause yang berbentuk future tersebut akan terjadi bila persyaratan yang ada pada subordinate clause (if…) terpenuhi.

Rumus condtional sentence type 1

If +simple present tense, Simple future tense

Simple future tense + if + simple present tense

NOTE: jangan lupa memasukan , (comma) jika ingin meletakkan subordinate clause terlebih dahulu. Tidak perlu meletakkan koma jika main clause anda masukan terlebih dahulu.

If she has my address, she will send the invitation to me.

They will buy a car if they have money.

My mother will go to Bali if she has a lot of money.

You will be late if you sleep late.

He will not come if you are angry with him.

Conditional Sentence Type II

Conditional sentence type II  Rumusnya sebagai berikut:

If   +  Simple past tense  +  ,  +  Past future tense

Past future tense + if + simple past tense

Contoh:

If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

If I were you, I would not do this.

Conditional type II ini digunakan sebagai aplikasi kejadian masa sekarang atau present. Kejadiannya akan terjadi jika kondisi yang ada pada subodinate clausenya berbeda.

Conditional Clause and Main Clause

If I have enough money, conditional clause	I will go to Japan.     main clause
I will go to Japan, main clause	if I have enough money     conditional clause

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional:	If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second conditional:	If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional:	If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause	Main clause
1. If + Present Tense	will + inf / present tense / imperative
a.       If you help me with the dishes (if + pres), I will help you with your homework. (will + inf) b.      If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three, the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense) c.       If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense	would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense	would have + past participle
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause, only in the main clause.

Uses of the Conditional

1.      First conditional

a.       Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

b.      Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2.      Second conditional

a.       Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

b.      Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3.      Third conditional

a.       Nature: unreal

b.      Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).